Boethius Was Successful in His Argument That God Rewards and Punishes Justly free essay sample

Boethius was successful in his argument that God rewards and punishes justly. ’ Discuss (35) Boethius was a philosopher teaching at the end of the Roman empire, in his 40’s he was arrested for suspected conspiracy with the Eastern Roman Empire and was eventually put to death at the age of about 44/45. Whilst in prison Boethius wrote his book, ‘The Consolation of Philosophy’ where he discusses in great depth with Lady Philosophy issues with God’s omniscience. In his writings, Boethius identifies an issue with God’s foreknowledge, our personal autonomy and the impact of how we are to be judged as when we enter the life after this. He identifies that if God has foreknowledge and knows our future, He then knows what we are going to do which in turn removes the idea that we have freedom to do what we choose. He also sees that if we have no free will when it comes to our judgement we will be judged unfairly and unjustly as God will have caused us to do that evil or not intervened to stop us from committing that evil. We will write a custom essay sample on Boethius Was Successful in His Argument That God Rewards and Punishes Justly or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There seems to be a considerable contradiction and inconsistency between God’s foreknowledge and the existence of free will. ’ (Boethius). Boethius in his book creates a dialogue with Lady Philosophy, a personification of pure reason, whilst he plays a naive questioner. Boethius starts by questioning whether we have free will or not to which Lady Philosophy replies. She appears to Boethius and reassures that as we have the ability to reason we must then have free will and this is due to fact that our reason is what we use to make judgements which enables us to make decisions. However there are different classes of freedom, the most is when we are in contemplation and the least is when we are addicted our let our desires rule our head. This however creates another issue for Boethius, if we are free then we will be able to do what we like however if God knows what we are going to do then we must not have free will. It is impossible for God to be wrong as he is God and is omniscience. Lady Philosophy answers Boethius be replying that God is eternal in the sense that he is a temporal, existing outside the category of time itself. However there is another definition of which Boethius thought was unsuitable. God is eternal and he has no begging or no end, he always has existed and continues to do so. Boethius rejects this as he can’t see how a temporal God can judge someone if he experiences time himself. On the other hand Boethius didn’t consider the flaws of his definition of eternal God; a God that is outside the category of time is one whom cannot be personal, this also means that it doesn’t fit in with the traditional religious view of God who keeps his covenant with his people and sends his son to save us. But it also has its strengths such as it maintains the majority of the attributes of God, such as incorporeal and immutable. Boethius concluded from his characterization of an eternal god that God is like a bird flying over a man walking down the path, the bird can see where the man has been, where he is and where he is about to go all at once. This is a power that God is able to use due to him being outside of time, he can see everyone’s past present and future simultaneously. His knowledge is total however not causal. Boethius expands on his idea of divine foreknowledge and goes onto explain the different types of necessity; simple and contingent. Simple necessity is related to a person’s nature so for example â€Å"man is a rational animal. † Whereas conditional necessity isn’t tied to the objects nature so for example you see Socrates sitting down it is conditional necessity because it is not in his nature to sit down as he has freedom to stand up in the next moment. From this Boethius concludes that God’s knowledge is total and not causal, he maintains that we have personal freedom and that God rewards and punishes us justly. However through this though a temporal God can be seen as an un-caring and un-omnibenpevolant as he cannot interact with us, he cannot answer our prayers, intervene with us and perform the miracles in the world. Conversely if we do not try to defend our personal freedom we also result in an un-loving and un-caring God. To conclude, I feel that Boethius was successful in his argument that God rewards and punishes us justly however in doing so moves away from an omnibenevolant God and towards a God who can only look on without helping us, it also undermines God’s omnipotence as he cannot interact with us.

French Welfare System

French Welfare System The social welfare system in France and other European states has almost the same organization in the way the social security scheme works. The social welfare scheme in France is organized in such a way that all the beneficiaries fully covered incase they incur any risks (Agressano, 2011). The scheme covers a wide range of cases such as old age, maternity, widowhood, death sickness and all forms of occupational accidents.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on French Welfare System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The social security scheme has no special provisions and applies to employees who are salaried regardless of their nationality, age and sex. The social welfare program in France does not allow for more than one recruitment in the scheme according to the 1996 declaration (Agressano, 2011). This paper will highlight social welfare programs in France and other European countries in comparison with the healthcare refo rm in the United States. The welfare scheme covers all employees as long as they make all the required contributions towards the social security scheme. The scheme covers all medical expenses and costs ranging from laboratory costs, consultation fees, hospitalization, medicine, prostheses, dental care and optician’s charges (Agressano, 2011). The employees are guaranteed adequate cover even in the periods when they are not on duty. Foreign workers have to first of all obtain residence and work permits for them to be covered by this social security scheme. The employees and the employers have a share of contributions they make towards the social security scheme. It is the responsibility of the employer to make contributions that cater for family allowances and occupational accidents (Agressano, 2011). The social security scheme refunds medical costs according to the beneficiary’s contribution rates. Other extra costs are paid by the employee and other complementary insu rance schemes. This social scheme can not work effectively in the United States because of the many social welfare schemes are expensive and discriminative. The social welfare of American employees has been poor over the years due to the expensive rates charged by the available social welfare schemes and insurance companies (Kronenfeld, 2004). This has always elicited a lot of debate and in the end many citizens have been unable to access quality healthcare. The healthcare reform has provisions meant to subsidize insurance and expanding medical aid to the poor. The legislation lays much emphasis on medical research and permanently prohibiting coverage caps by insurance companies (Kronenfeld, 2004). The law protects applicants from insurance companies that deny them coverage and unreasonably high premiums. The legislation also seeks to prohibit those insurance companies that only insure applicants with good health profiles and ensure that all citizens get the necessary cover regardle ss of their health profiles (Kronenfeld, 2004).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In conclusion, each country has the responsibility of ensuring that its citizens enjoy medical cover from social welfare schemes without any discrimination. The social welfare schemes in Europe are completely different from that in the United States because of its flexibility. The social welfare scheme in the United is one of the most expensive in the world with many insurance companies’ exploiting citizens by charging high premiums (Kronenfeld, 2004). The healthcare reform will ensure that insurance premiums are subsidized so that all citizens are able to enjoy quality and affordable healthcare. References Agressano, J. (2011). French welfare state reform: Idealism versus Swedish, New Zealand and Dutch pragmatism. New York: Anthem Press. Kronenfeld, J. J. (2004). Healthcare reform in America: A reference handbook. New York, NY: ABC-CLIO.

What can be done to curb concussions in hockey Explain your reasoning Essay

What can be done to curb concussions in hockey Explain your reasoning - Essay Example Concussion is the most common type of hockey-related injury. According to the National Hockey League, the reasons for the increased incidences of concussion include accidental hits, players being struck by pucks, collision with teammates, or striking the ice or the boards after being hit legally (Syd and Johnson, 1). Education and bodychecking has been implemented to curb concussions in hockey but the incidences of concussion just doubled which led a number of studies to conclude that bodychecking only result in worsening of concussions among hockey players in Canada. In fact, Canadian data suggest that bodychecking accounts for 45%-86% of injuries among youth ice hockey players (Emery et al., 2265). So, what can be done to curb concussions in hockey? The answer is simple: that is, elimination of bodychecking in children younger than 15 years. There is considerable evidence that bodychecking is the most common cause of all ice hockey injuries, particularly concussion. We understand the need to check the skills of the players in order to become effective and complete players but bodychecking should not be applied to children younger than 15 years due variations in size, physical maturity, and strength that may lead smaller players at risk for injuries due to mismatched with larger players in the same bracket (Syd and Johnson, 2). Thus, bodychecking at a younger age may only lead to substantial harm and that it should be eliminated and not be taught among these groups. Supporters of the rule which eliminate bodychecking at a younger age argue that lowering the age limit for bodychecking enables young hockey players to develop other hockey skills such skating, puck- and stick-handling, receiving, and shooting (Cusimano et al., 58). Aside from enhanced hocking skills, bodychecking will reduce current incidences of concussions among children and injuries at older ages because the repeated reinforcement of proper technique will teach hockey players on